The impeller is mounted on a shaft. The
shaft is usually made of steel or stainless steel and is sized to support the
impeller. Impellers have to be sized carefully. An undersized shaft can result
in increased pump vibration, shorter bearing life, the potential for shaft
breakage, and an overall reduced pump life.
Generally speaking the pump shaft is
covered with a shaft sleeve. The shaft sleeve is a sleeve of metal, usually
bronze or stainless steel, that is designed to either slide or thread onto the
shaft. The shaft sleeve is used to position the impeller correctly on the
shaft, and it also protects the shaft.
In order for the shaft to hold the impeller
within the casing it must pass through the casing. The point where the shaft
enters the casing is called the stuffing box and must be sealed. The most
typical sealing mechanism is the mechanical seal.
Mechanical seals vary tremendously in design,
performance, and cost. The simplest seal consists of just a few primary parts:
a stationary face, a rotating face, a gland, and a spring. The rotating face is
a ring of smooth hard material that is fastened to shaft sleeve, and the
stationary face is a second ring of smooth hard material fastened to the
casing. The gland bolts to the outside of the casing and the spring is placed
under tension between the gland and the stationary seal face causing it to
press against the rotating face. As the pump shaft rotates the rotating face
will rotate against the stationary face. A small amount of the pumped liquid
will make it’s way between the faces keeping them cool and lubricated. As long
as the seal faces stay clean, smooth, and lubricated they will virtually
eliminate leakage around the shaft.
The final part of the mechanical end is the
bearing arrangement. Generally speaking centrifugal pumps are equipped with
standard ball-type anti-friction bearings. These are the same bearings used in
everything from electric motors, to roller skates, to automobiles, and they are
lubricated by grease or oil. The pump shaft is supported and held in place by
the bearings which have to be designed to handle all of the loads created by
the rotation of the impeller, and sized to provide a reasonable service life.
Bearing failures are one of the most common causes of pump downtime so
designing Engineers and End-Users will often be particularly interested in the
specifics of bearing design, and the pump professional will be well served to
spend time learning the ins-and-outs of the bearing systems of the pumps in
question.
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